Diabetes in pregnancy what are the symptoms is it

#diabetes_in_pregnancy
#complications

#Gestational_diabetes develops during pregnancy (#gestation). Like other types of #diabetes, gestational diabetes affects how your cells use sugar (glucose). Gestational #diabetes causes high blood sugar that can affect your pregnancy and your baby's health.

#Researchers don't know why some women develop gestational diabetes.
To understand:-
how gestational diabetes occurs, it can help to understand how pregnancy affects your body's glucose processing.

Your body digests the food you eat to produce sugar (glucose) that enters your bloodstream. In response, your pancreas — a large gland behind your stomach — produces insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose move from your bloodstream into your body's cells, where it's used as energy.

During pregnancy, the placenta, which connects your baby to your blood supply, produces high levels of various other hormones. Almost all of them impair the action of insulin in your cells, raising your blood sugar. Modest elevation of blood sugar after meals is normal during pregnancy.

As your baby grows, the placenta produces more and more insulin-blocking hormones. In gestational diabetes, the placental hormones provoke a rise in blood sugar to a level that can affect the growth and welfare of your baby. Gestational diabetes usually develops during the last half of pregnancy — sometimes as early as the 20th week, but generally not until later

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Syphilis a ssexually transmitted disease

#extragenital_lesion_of_syphilis
#syphilis

A #sexually transmitted disease caused by #Treponema_pallidum, a #microscopic organism called a #spirochete. This #worm-like, spiral-shaped #organism #infects people by burrowing into the moist mucous membranes of the mouth or #genitals. From there, the spirochete produces a #non-painful #ulcer known as a #chancre.
There are three #stages of #syphilis:

The first (primary) stage: This involves the formation of the #chancre. At this stage, syphilis is highly #contagious. The primary stage can last one to five weeks. The #disease can be #transmitted from any contact with one of the #ulcers, which are teeming with #spirochetes.
If the ulcer is outside of the #vagina or on the #scrotum, the use of condoms may not help in preventing #transmission. Likewise, if the ulcer is in the mouth, merely #kissing the infected individual can spread #syphilis. Even without #treatment, the early infection resolves on its own in most #women.

#The second (secondary) stage: However, 25 percent of cases will proceed to the secondary stage of #syphilis, which lasts four to six weeks. This phase can include #hair_loss; a #sore_throat; white patches in the #nose, #mouth, and vagina; #fever; headaches; and a #skin_rash. There can be lesions on the genitals that look like genital warts, but are caused by spirochetes rather than the #wart virus. These wart-like lesions, as well as the skin rash, are highly contagious.
The rash can occur on the palms of the hands, and the infection can be transmitted by casual contact.

The third (tertiary) stage: This final stage of the disease involves the #brain and #heart, and is usually no longer #contagious. At this point, however, the infection can cause extensive damage to the internal organs and the brain.

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Erectile Dysfunction you must know

#erectile_dysfunction
#pathogenesis

A consistent inability to sustain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Commonly known as impotence.

Medically, the term erectile dysfunction is used to properly differentiate this form of impotence from other problems that interfere with sexual intercourse, such as disease, injury, drug side effects, or a disorder that impairs the nerve supply or the blood flow to the penis.

Other forms of impotence include lack of sexual desire and problems with ejaculation and orgasm.
‎
Erectile dysfunction is treatable in all age groups, and treatment includes using medication (notably Viagra) and penile implants. Abbreviated ED.

Causes:-
1) Heart disease
2) Clogged blood vessels (atherosclerosis)
3) High cholesterol
4) High blood pressure
5) Diabetes
6) Obesity
7) Metabolic syndrome — a condition involving increased blood pressure, high insulin levels, body fat around the waist and high cholesterol
8) Parkinson's disease
9) Multiple sclerosis
10) Peyronie's disease — development of scar tissue inside the penis
11) Certain prescription medications
12) Tobacco use
13) Alcoholism and other forms of substance abuse.
14) Sleep disorders
15) Treatments for prostate cancer or enlarged prostateSurgeries or injuries that affect the pelvic area or spinal cord

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Urine organized sediment

#urine_sediment_organized_element

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Causes of incontinence

#causes_of_incontinence

The inability to control excretions, to hold urine in the bladder, or to keep feces in the rectum.

1) A small bladder:-  Your child's bladder may not be developed enough to hold urine produced during the night.

2) ‎Inability to recognize a full bladder:-
 If the nerves that control the bladder are slow to mature, a full bladder may not wake your child — especially if your child is a deep sleeper.
 ‎
3) A hormone imbalance:-
 During childhood, some kids don't produce enough anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) to slow nighttime urine production.
 ‎
4) Stress:- Stressful events — such as becoming a big brother or sister, starting a new school, or sleeping away from home — may trigger bed-wetting.

5) A structural problem in the urinary tract or nervous system:-
 Rarely, bed-wetting is related to a defect in the child's neurological system or urinary system.

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Nephrotic syndrome

#nephrotic_syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to excrete too much protein in your urine.

Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the #clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.

Nephrotic syndrome causes #swelling (#edema), particularly in your #feet and #ankles, and increases the risk of other health problems.

Treatment for nephrotic syndrome includes treating the underlying condition that's causing it and taking medications. Nephrotic syndrome can increase your risk of infections and blood clots.

Your doctor may recommend medications and dietary changes to prevent these and other complications of nephrotic syndrome.

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Renal disorder or renal failure

#acute_renal_failure
#chronic_renal_failure

Now more commonly classified as chronic kidney disease and is listed as stages based on the patient's level of #glomerular filtration rate (#GFR) which is a measure of filtering capacity of the #kidneys.

#Stage 1 :- means normal filtering function of the kidney but delineates those patients that are at risk of progressive #renal_disease, such as those with #proteinuria or #hematuria.

# Stage 2 :- is used for patients with a #GFR of 60 to 90 mL per minute.

#Stage 3 :- is used for patients with a #glomerular filtration rate of 30 to 60 mL per minute.

#Stage 4 :- is for patients with a #glomerular filtration rate of 15 to 30 mL per minute.

#Stage 5 :- is for patients with a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL per minute but who are not on #dialysis.

#Stage 6 :-  is for patients who have a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL per minute and require #dialysis #intervention for their #renal failure.

   Unfortunately, many patients with chronic kidney disease, especially if they reach Stage 4 or Stage 5 will progress to point of end stage renal disease (#ESRD).

which is the point of needing dialysis or renal #transplant. If the patient is started on dialysis, this is #synonymous with chronic kidney disease Stage 6.
‎

Chronic renal failure is in #contrast to acute renal failure. It may also be referred to as #chronic_kidney_failure.

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Sleep disorders

#sleep_disorders

Any disorder that affects, disrupts, or involves #sleep.

The most common sleep disorder is probably #snoring, although it is usually not medically #significant.

#Insomnia, #sleep_apnea, restless leg #syndrome, and #sleepwalking are also sleep disorders. Most large medical centers have diagnostic and treatment facilities dedicated to sleep disorders.

Sleep disorders are changes in sleeping patterns or #habits. Signs and symptoms of sleep disorders include excessive daytime #sleepiness, irregular breathing or increased movement during sleep, difficulty #sleeping, and abnormal sleep #behaviors.

A sleep disorder can affect your #overall health, safety and quality of life.

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